Last May it was confirmed that the Government was considering a levy on developers that fail to build out land with planning permission within a certain time limit. Historically, it has been a persistent claim that what is commonly referred to as ‘land banking’ prevents an increase in the number of homes being built, subsequently adding to the housing shortage.
It has been and continues to be, a sticking point and there is a belief that instead of building new homes, housebuilders are deliberately holding land with planning permission to enhance its cost. This accusation has been thrown at housing developers and promoters of all sorts, but how true is it?
There are several reasons as to why there can be a significant gap in time between the granting of planning permission and its implementation. Whilst the intention is there to build new homes following planning permission, housebuilders cannot be blamed for planning permission not automatically transpiring into new homes.
Obtaining planning permission isn’t the issue – it is the barriers that developers must wade through to implement it. Take the long list of conditions that must be met before building can commence – whilst housebuilders can respond and iron out the various technicalities required by conditions, local planning authorities (LPAs) are increasingly experiencing staff shortages, meaning that these conditions are not being discharged in a timely manner.
Dwindling supplies of key building materials such as roof tiles, cement and timber shortages continue to largely impact the construction industry, notably more so since 2020. Evidently, the struggles housebuilders are facing in obtaining these materials is inevitably delaying the start of construction on-site, and also the halting of the construction of those already commenced.
The housebuilders which are notoriously blamed for not building homes quickly enough to address the housing shortage require a land bank to maintain their business. The process of building new homes is not a short one and requires certain stages to be met, including applying for planning permission, negotiating with the LPA and finalising negotiations with landowners. As we all know the planning system is slow and protracted in nature (which isn’t helped by reduced funding of LPAs).
Once permission is granted by a local authority there are often significant delays agreeing on legal terms with the council and landowners, which means development cannot begin on-site immediately. This often leads to misconceptions by local people that the developer is ‘land banking’ - whereas this couldn’t be further from the truth. The reality is that the financial costs of servicing the developer’s debts mean it is in the developer’s interest to begin work as soon as possible. Any delays essentially increase the annual financing costs for housebuilders.
As discussed, financial incentives for housebuilders are heavily weighted towards bringing sites forward for development, in particular the largest housebuilders who are assessed by the City on their total completions. Therefore it is not the resistance of housebuilders not wanting their sites to implement the permission, but more external factors prolonging it.
Perhaps the way forward is to ensure that the deliverability and viability of sites for development are properly assessed in the plan-making process. Shortening the timescales for implementation of planning permission will only put greater pressure on already under-resourced LPAs and as such greater resources must be given to LPAs to determine planning applications and work alongside developers to address the housing shortage. With a relatively new Secretary of State and a Planning
Bill on the horizon, the Government is in the ideal position to tackle the root causes and rethink the way in which new homes are built.
